Morse Code

    Morse code is a method of transmitting textual information as a series of on-off tones, lights, or clicks that can be directly understood by a skilled listener or observer without special equipment.Morse code speed is specified in words per minute (WPM) and associated with an "element time" equal to 1.2 seconds divided by the speed in WPM. A dot consists of an "on" element followed by an "off" element, and a dash is three "on" elements and one "off" element.Beginning in 1836, Samuel F. B. Morse and Alfred Vail developed an electric telegraph, which sent pulses of electrical current to control an electromagnet that was located at the receiving end of the telegraph wire.The technology available at the time made it impossible to print characters in a readable form, so the inventors had to devise an alternate means of communication.

    In contrast, Morse's and Vail's initial telegraph, which first went into operation in 1844, made indentations on a paper tape when an electrical current was transmitted. Morse's original telegraph receiver used a mechanical clockwork to move a paper tape. When an electrical current was received, an electromagnet engaged an armature that pushed a stylus onto the moving paper tape, making an indentation on the tape. When the current was interrupted, the electromagnet retracted the stylus, and that portion of the moving tape remained unmarked.

Pair Gain system

Pair gain is a method of  transmitting multiple telephone signals over the twisted pair used for telecommunication, This system has the advantage of including more number of subscriber lines. Thus it helps a lot in the shortage of copper pair in some remote areas. The pair gain system consist of multiplexers which combine seperate signals and at the receiver side it will be decombined into

FSL III

In FTTB up to the subscribers building or appartment the medium used is OF and after that connections to the subscriber will be given through existing copper cable or Cat5 cable.In FTTC up to the curb the transmission medium used is fiber and after that the connections to individual susbcribers will be given through copper cable.

Advantages  of Implementing FTT-x Technology

1. People can enjoy enormous amount of bandwidth.
2. In the operator side also if people are enjoying variety of services means the bandwidth will be increased there by the ARPU(Average Revenue Per User) is increased .
3. Operators can provide its subscribers the new technologies thus they can compete with their competitors.
4. Enormous amount of bandwidth is available so it can be upgraded to incorporate future technologies.

FSL- II

FSL can be implemented in three ways.Fiber from the operator end to the subscribers home  FTTH(Fiber To The Home),Fiber from the operator end to subscribers building in which many subscribers are residing FTTB(Fiber To The Building).Fiber to operator end to a nearby place in which subscriber is residing FTTC(Fiber To The Curb).These are generally termed as FTT-X where x denotes the termination point.

FSL-Fiber in the Subscriber Loop-I

All the telephone exchanges,local exchanges will be connected or interconnected through optical fiber .Thus it enables to enjoy enormous amount of  bandwidth to the suscriber.But there is a limitation.ie  from the exchange to the subscribers home we are connecting with ordinary copper cable,which will have limited bandwidth.If we use ADSL2+ technology we could achieve a bandwidth of  24 Mbps for a distance of 5 km.or less.But if we use VDSL techonology the bandwidth we can achieve is about 52 Mbps.but the distance is limited to 1 Km.So all the subscribers should reside within the 1 km radius,which is not possible.Also at each and every 1Km we should place exchanges,which is also not possible.So we will lay optical cable from the exchange to the subscribers home or a very near point.This is called Fiber in Subscriber Loop.FSL.

Blue Tooth

This is a wireless technology for exchanging data using short length radio waves.Invented by Erisscon.We can create personal network also using Bluetooth.Blutooth uses a radio technology called frequency hopping spread spectrum.The band used is 2.4 Ghz  short range frequney band which is globally unlicenced.In basic bluetooth the modulation used is GPSK.As this use radio broadcast communication system,they donot have to be in line of sight.

Optical Fiber Cable types

Pigtail/Patch Cord: These cables are tight buffered cables used for indoor purposes.There will be only one fiber in a single cable.The fiber will be coated with kevlar/aramid material..These are sometimes used for desktop connectivity also.

Loose tube Fibers: These are mainly used for outdoor purposes and contains large number of buffer tubes and inside the buffer tubes large number of fibers depending upon the number of fibers.These fibers will be mostly filled with  jelly to prevent harm to the fibers from water.

Armoured cable: These cables are extensevely used in places where rodents is a problem.There will be metal armouring to prevent rodent penetering. Since there is a  metal part  these should be earthed properly.